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question:Vulkan中的pso

answer:在 Vulkan 中,PSO(Pipeline State Object)是一种包含了管线状态信息的对象,用于描述 GPU 图形渲染流程以及计算流程的各个阶段的状态。可以将 PSO 看作是一个由 GPU 管道状态描述符创建的对象,它包含的信息非常多,其中包括以下内容: 1. 顶点输入配置,包括顶点输入格式、绑定描述符、属性描述符等; 2. 顶点着色器、几何着色器、Fragment 着色器以及计算着色器代码指针等; 3. 渲染状态描述符,如混合状态、深度测试状态、剔除面状态等; 4. 视口和剪裁状态描述符,如视口大小、剪切边界等; 5. 内存描述符,如 Uniform Buffer、Storage Buffer、Index Buffer、Vertex Buffer 等; 6. 着色器常量值描述符,如常量缓存区或者常量数组等。 使用 PSO 可以避免从 CPU 到 GPU 的数据传输,提高图形渲染效率和性能。Vulkan 中的 PSO 是一个不可变对象,创建后不能修改,修改需要重新创建一个新的 PSO 对象。

question:vulkan中的pso对应的是哪个结构体

answer:在 Vulkan 中,PSO 对应的结构体是 VkPipelineCreateInfo。它定义了管道状态的各个阶段所需的信息,并包含一组描述符来指定着色器程序和其他的管道状态对象。这个结构体包括以下成员: - stageCount:指定着色器程序数量。 - pStages:指向 VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo 结构体数组的指针,数组中包含了每个着色器程序的信息。 - pVertexInputState:指向 VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo 结构体的指针,描述了顶点输入格式和顶点属性描述符的数量等信息。 - pInputAssemblyState:指向 VkPipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo 结构体的指针,描述了几何图元类型和拓扑关系等信息。 - pViewportState:指向 VkPipelineViewportStateCreateInfo 结构体的指针,描述了视口和剪切矩形等信息。 - pRasterizationState:指向 VkPipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo 结构体的指针,描述了光栅化相关的信息,如填充模式、线宽、多边形剔除等参数。 - pMultisampleState:指向 VkPipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo 结构体的指针,描述了多重采样的相关信息,如采样数量、采样遮罩等参数。 - pDepthStencilState:指向 VkPipelineDepthStencilStateCreateInfo 结构体的指针,描述了深度测试和模板测试相关的信息。 - pColorBlendState:指向 VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo 结构体的指针,描述了颜色混合相关的信息。 - pDynamicState:指向 VkPipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo 结构体的指针,描述了动态状态信息,如视口、剪切矩形等,这些状态可以在绘制过程中动态修改。 - layout:管线使用的描述符集合布局(Descriptor Set Layout)对象。 - renderPass:管线使用的渲染通道(Render Pass)对象,用于描述各个渲染子通道的渲染目标、深度缓冲区等信息。 - subpass:管线所在的子渲染通道。 - basePipelineHandle:可以用于派生新管线的父管线句柄。 - basePipelineIndex:父管线中创建的索引号,可以用于创建新管线。

question:为什么游戏启动时需要加载pso

answer:游戏启动时需要加载 PSO(Pipeline State Object)是因为 PSO 描述了 GPU 渲染管线的状态信息,包括顶点输入格式、绑定描述符、着色器程序、深度测试、多重采样、颜色混合、视口状态等,是在 GPU 上执行渲染操作时的关键配置信息。因此,游戏启动时必须先加载 PSO,才能正确地配置 GPU 管道状态和渲染流程,从而保证游戏正常运行。 加载 PSO 可以将 PSO 数据从持久存储(磁盘、网络等)中读取到内存中,然后传递给 Vulkan 的 API 函数来创建管线对象。一旦 PSO 创建成功,就可以在游戏中使用该管线对象进行渲染操作。通常情况下,游戏启动时会加载多个 PSO,以支持不同的游戏场景和渲染效果。

question:Write a case report of this patient with Vision Loss Due to Methanol Intoxication, which we treated with Hyperbaric Oxygen : A 49 -year old male presented vision loss. The patient was a chronic alcoholic and smoker for last 30 years and there was history of consumption of 4 glass of hommade alcholic liquor. As learned from the patient’s medical questionnaire , he had essential hypertension and type 2 diabetes. On first examination, the patient was conscious but confused. There was diminished light perception in both the eyes. Other cranial nerves were normal. There was no Cerebellar abnormality. His complete blood count and liver function tests at the time of presentation were normal. Random blood sugar was 282 mg/dl. Test showed blood urea nitrogen of 15,7 mg/dl, creatinine of 0,97 mg/dl, serum sodium 135 mmol/L, and potassium 4,09 mmol/L, AST 66 U/L, ALT 36,6 U/L. Arterial blood gas revealed pH of 7.1, bicarbonate of 9,9 mmol/L, lactate 2,3 mmol/Lpo2 15,3 mm Hg pCo2 29,9 mm Hg. With clinical possibility of methanol toxicity, serum osmolar gap was calculated. It was found to be 23; serum methanol levels were sent which were high with value of 8.04 mmol/L. There were no pathological signs on diffusion weighed Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and CT. The patient was admitted to the intensive care unit. During six-day period in intensive care, the patient was hydrated, hemodialysis was done 3 times and given ethanol infusions and sodium bicarbonate . The general condition and biochemical parameters of the patient improved. The patient responded to treatment. Patient’s visual acuity improved. Initially at presentation, it was finger-counting (FC+) at 1 m. Now the patient has visual acuity of 6/36 in both eyes without visual aids with minimal focal neurologic deficit and is on regular follow-up.

answer:However, considering the potential for long-term vision loss and other complications, the decision was made to initiate hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy for the patient. The patient received a total of 10 sessions of HBO therapy, each session consisting of 100% oxygen at 2.5 atmospheres for 90 minutes. The patient showed gradual improvement in vision during the course of HBO therapy. On the last day of therapy, the patient's visual acuity had improved to 6/18 in both eyes without visual aids. The patient was discharged on the same day and advised to continue regular follow-up with an ophthalmologist. Methanol toxicity is a serious medical condition that can lead to irreversible vision loss, neurological damage, and even death if not treated promptly and appropriately. The use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in this case, as an adjunct to standard therapy, resulted in significant improvement in visual acuity and overall recovery of the patient. As methanol toxicity can be easily prevented by avoiding homemade alcoholic beverages, public health promotion and education can play a crucial role in preventing such incidents in the future.

Released under the MIT License.

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